A competência normativa frente aos novos atores políticos: um estudo de caso da telemedicina / The normative competence in the face of new political actors: a case study of telemedicine

Resumo A regulação da prática de telemedicina no Brasil tem se mostrado tortuosa desde seu reconhecimento pela Resolução nº 1.643/2002, do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), havendo questionamentos quanto à competência deste para inserção da prática. Em 2018, o conselho editou nova resolução, mas que foi revogada em função da repercussão negativa. A pandemia de covid-19 pressionou os serviços de saúde de tal forma que o Poder Legislativo Federal foi impelido ao conflito e editou a Lei nº 13.989/2020, permitindo a prática de telemedicina durante o período da crise sanitária. O art. 6º da lei delegou ao CFM a competência para regulação da prática pós-pandemia, acirrando ainda mais as discussões. Este trabalho constitui um estudo de caso sobre a regulação da telemedicina no Brasil, buscando identificar os conflitos jurídicos impostos pela atuação do CFM em substituição ao Poder Legislativo. Utiliza o modelo político de implementação de políticas públicas de William Clune como base da análise, empregando o método da pesquisa documental qualitativa. Conclui-se que a implementação da telemedicina deve considerar as forças políticas em atuação, compreendendo o papel do CFM no processo normativo, para que se obtenha, no texto legal, uma política pública compatível com a realidade e apta a ser implementada.

Abstract The regulation of telemedicine in Brazil has been tortuous since its recognition by the Resolution No. 1,643/2002, of the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM), with issues regarding its competence to insert this practice. In 2018, the council issued a new resolution but it was revoked due to negative repercussions. The covid-19 pandemic put pressure on health services in such a way that the National Congress was pushed into conflict and enacted the Federal Law No. 13,989/2020, which allowed the practice of telemedicine during the period of health crisis. The article 6 of the law delegated the competence to regulate the post-pandemic practice to the CFM, further intensifying the discussions. This work is a case study on the regulation of telemedicine in Brazil, seeking to identify the legal conflicts imposed by the action of CFM in substitution of the Legislative Power. It uses the political model of implementation of public policies by William Clune as the basis for the analysis, using the qualitative documentary research method. In conclusion, the implementation of telemedicine must consider the political forces involved, understanding the CFM's role in the normative process, to obtain, in the legal text, a public policy compatible with reality and capable of being implemented.

O projeto dos planos de saúde acessíveis: prejuízo para beneficiários e para o sistema público / The Accessible Health Insurance Bill: Harm to beneficiaries and the public system

O presente trabalho analisou, sob a perspectiva econômica da concretização do direito à saúde, o Projeto de Lei dos Planos de Saúde Acessíveis (PL n. 7.419/2006), apensado ao projeto geral de reforma da Lei n. 9.656/1998, desenvolvido pelo Ministério da Saúde em 2016 e atualmente em tramitação na Câmara dos Deputados. Para isso, os documentos oficiais da proposta foram analisados à luz de suas justificativas econômicas e da amplitude do acesso a serviços. As principais diretrizes do projeto, destacando-se os novos modelos de planos, evidenciam a criação de entraves burocráticos à realização de procedimentos, além da flexibilização do rol de cobertura dos planos de acordo com a infraestrutura local, em desacordo com a cobertura mínima prevista na regulação atual. A proposta favorece economicamente as operadoras de planos de saúde ao estabelecer a coparticipação de 50% e o reajuste conforme tabela de custos. Além disso, na prática, o projeto apresenta um duplo prejuízo: ao beneficiário, que arca com os custos do plano e, no momento de maior necessidade, de procedimentos de urgência ou de maior complexidade por não estar amparado pela cobertura; e ao sistema público, que deve suprir as deficiências da cobertura privada, o que, em um momento de maior demanda e recursos limitados, pode levá-lo à sobrecarga.

The present work analyzed, from the economic perspective of the realization of the right to health, the Accessible Health Insurance Bill (PL No. 7,419/2006), attached to the general project of reform of Law No. 9,656/1998, developed by the Ministry of Health in 2016 and currently being processed in the Chamber of Deputies. For this, the official documents of the proposal were analyzed in light of its economic justifications and the scope of access to services. The main guidelines of the project, highlighting the new models of plans, show the creation of bureaucratic obstacles to the performance of procedures, in addition to the flexibility of the coverage list of the plans according to the local infrastructure, in disagreement with the minimum coverage in the current regulation. The proposal economically favors the health insurance companies by establishing the 50% coparticipation and adjustment according to the cost table. Moreover, in practice, the project presents a double loss: to the beneficiary, who bears plan costs and, at the moment of greatest need, emergency procedures or of greater complexity, because he is not protected by the coverage; and to the public system, which must supply the deficiencies of private coverage, which, at a time of greater demand and limited resources, can lead to overload.

O financiamento da saúde frente ao novo regime fiscal / Funding for health in the new Brazilian tax regime

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o financiamento da saúde pública no Brasil, em especial as consequências da adoção do novo regime fiscal. Para isso, o método utilizado foi o levantamento bibliográfico nas principais bases de dados disponíveis, complementado por textos jornalísticos e análise das Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade n. 5.595 e n. 5.658, que discutiram o tema. O artigo é dividido em quatro partes: (i) introdução sobre a constitucionalização do direito à saúde; (ii) exposição sobre os modos de financiamento da saúde pública, com enfoque nas Emendas Constitucionais n. 29/2000, n. 86/2015 e n. 95/2016; (iii) exame dos impactos do novo regime fiscal no setor da saúde, com destaque para suas implicações na judicialização da saúde; e (iv) a conclusão de que o novo regime fiscal trouxe medidas de austeridade que, além de reduzirem os recursos disponíveis para a saúde, impedem a expansão dos serviços de atendimento à população e têm grande potencial de aumentar as demandas judiciais por tratamentos e medicamentos.

The objective of this article is to analyze public health funding in Brazil, especially the consequences of the newly adopted fiscal regime. The method used was bibliographical survey, gathering articles from the main available databases, newspaper articles and the analysis of the Direct Actions of Unconstitutionality no. 5595 and no. 5658, which discussed the matter. The article is divided into four parts: (i) an introduction on the constitutionalization of the right to health; (ii) an exposition on public health funding approaches focusing on the Constitutional Amendments number 29/2000, 86/2015 and 95/2016; (iii) the examination of the impacts of the new fiscal regime on the health sector and a highlight of the impact of these measures in cases of health judicialization; and (iv) with the conclusion that the new fiscal regime has introduced austerity measures, which, in addition to reducing the health resources available, discourage the expansion of public health care, leading to a great potential of increasing legal demands for treatments and medicines.

High-concentration carbamide peroxide can reduce the sensitivity caused by in-office tooth bleaching: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial

Abstract Objectives A single-blinded, randomized, parallel clinical trial evaluated the use of 37% carbamide peroxide (CP) on bleaching effectiveness and tooth sensitivity reported by patients undergoing in-office tooth bleaching, in comparison with the results of using 35% hydrogen peroxide. Material and Methods Forty patients were allocated to receive two sessions of in-office tooth bleaching using either 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or 37% CP. Each patient's sensitivity level was evaluated during and up to 24 h after bleaching. The effectiveness of the bleaching procedures was evaluated with a spectrophotometer one week after each session and 30 days after the last session. The impact of tooth bleaching on the patients' perceptions regarding smile changes, in addition to the bleaching procedures and their results, were also recorded. Absolute and relative sensitivity risks were calculated. Data on sensitivity level were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney or T-test, and data from the color evaluation were subjected to 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results The use of CP reduced the risk and level of tooth sensitivity to values close to zero, whereas the difference between the bleaching agents disappeared after 24 h. An increased bleaching effect was observed for HP, mainly due to an improved reduction of redness and yellowness. Participants perceived improved tooth bleaching for HP and reduced sensitivity for CP, but no differences regarding the comfort of the techniques were noted. Conclusions In our study, 37% CP resulted in reduced tooth sensitivity but decreased the tooth bleaching effectiveness. However, both bleaching agents resulted in high levels of patient satisfaction.